Atomic+structure

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= Topic notes =



Investigations
= Nature of science relevant to atomic theory = = = = Resources =
 * Improvements in instrumentation allowed chemists to obtain more evidence to support ideas or to refute ideas (paradigm shift)
 * Examples of paradigm shifts during the development of the atomic theory; one example were the findings by Rutherford in his gold foil experiment
 * Experimental evidence to support theories—emission spectra provide evidence for the existence of energy levels.

Atomic models
[|Thomson cathode ray experiment] [|Phet Rutherford scattering experiment investigation] [|Rutherford experiment] [|RSC video on mass spectrometry] [|Build an atom] [|Phet build an atom] Radioisotopes [|carbon 14 decay]

Electromagnetic spectrum
[|EMS] [|a small applet]: shows the whole spectrum and how frequency and wavelength change across it.

Below is a diagram of an absorption spectra which is a continuous spectrum with discrete black lines/missing frequencies where absorption has occurred.

Emission spectra
[|flame tests] [|Line emissions and absorptions] [|How a line spectrum is formed?] [|Difference between absorption and emission[[http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node107.html|More on that difference]]] [|another hydrogen spectra] shows the transition of electrons. [|a lot of emission spectra] [|more spectra] more emission spectra of some common metals e.g. alkali metals and also shows how we see the line emission spectrum

Aufbau
Atomic orbitals: [|chlorine orbitals] use Firefox [|gallery of orbitals including hybridized ones] Aufbau : [|Aufbau animation]

Mass spectrometer
[|from RSC - very good] video on YouTube [|mass spectrometry]from Royal Society of Chemistry [|and a mass spectroscopy tutorial] More mass spectrometry videos: media type="file" key="2.2 The Mass Specrtometer.mp4" width="300" height="300" media type="file" key="Mass Spectrometry MS.mp4" width="300" height="300"

Tutorial
[|electron configurations: aufbau method]

lesson activities
[|Khan academy]

= Links to IGCSE Edexcel chemistry =